Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks

Front Matter....Pages I-XXXI
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment — Scope of the Book and Introduction....Pages 3-11
Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate....Pages 13-24
Front Matter....Pages 25-25
Emissions from Medical Care Units....Pages 27-44
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Changes in the Presence and Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Italy....Pages 45-53
Environmental Exposure of Antibiotics in Wastewaters, Sewage Sludges and Surface Waters in Switzerland....Pages 55-66
Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment....Pages 67-90
Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review....Pages 91-105
Strategies for Selecting Pharmaceuticals to Assess Attenuation During Indirect Potable Water Reuse....Pages 107-120
Residues of Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in the Aquatic Environment and their Elimination in Sewage Treatment and Drinking Water Production....Pages 121-132
Drugs in Municipal Landfills and Landfill Leachates....Pages 133-137
Antibiotics in Soil: Routes of Entry, Environmental Concentrations, Fate and Possible Effects....Pages 139-147
Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States....Pages 149-154
Use and Environmental Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in United States Agriculture....Pages 155-163
Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils....Pages 165-180
Front Matter....Pages 181-181
Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate....Pages 183-194
Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates — The Example of Carbamazepine and Clofibric Acid....Pages 195-208
What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?....Pages 209-221
Resistance in the Environment....Pages 223-231
Effects of Ethinyloestradiol and Methyltestosterone in Prosobranch Snails....Pages 233-247
Front Matter....Pages 249-249
Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment....Pages 251-267
Front Matter....Pages 249-249
Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in the European Union, Canada and United States....Pages 269-287
Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the EU — A Regulatory Perspective....Pages 289-310
The ECO-SHADOW Concept — A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials....Pages 311-316
A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I — Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data....Pages 317-343
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals Il — Aquatic Risk Characterisation....Pages 345-361
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III — Indirect Human Exposure....Pages 363-372
Plasma Concentrations of Human Pharmaceuticals as Predictors of Pharmacological Responses in Fish....Pages 373-386
Using (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships in Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment....Pages 387-390
Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration....Pages 391-410
Potential Environmental Risks by Cleaning Hair and Skin....Pages 411-428
Front Matter....Pages 429-429
Risks Related to the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Further Research Is Needed....Pages 431-437
Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products — Research Challenges....Pages 439-462
PPCPs in the Environment: Future Research — Beginning with the End Always in Mind....Pages 463-495
Front Matter....Pages 497-497
Conclusion....Pages 499-503
Back Matter....Pages 505-527