Disturbances in Geospace: The Storm-Substorm Relationship

Disturbances in Geospace The Storm-Substorm Relationship......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 9
2. THE RING CURRENT: ANEW UNDERSTANDING......Page 10
3. ROLE OF OXYGEN ION AND WAVE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS......Page 12
4. SUBSTORM AND MAGNETOTAIL EFFECTS IN THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 13
5. RELATIVISTIC ELECTRONS DURING STORMS......Page 14
6. GROUND BASED DATA: THE NEED FOR A PROPER INTERPRETATION......Page 15
7. FORECASTING STORMS AND SUBSTORMS: ROLE IN SPACE WEATHER......Page 17
8. SUN-EARTH CONNECTION......Page 18
9. SUMMARY......Page 19
REFERENCES......Page 20
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 23
3. EFFECTS OF SOLAR WIND DENSITY ON THE AURORAL ELECTROJETS......Page 24
4. AURORAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 26
5. DISCUSSION......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 29
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 31
2. METHOD OF ANALYSES......Page 32
2.1. Substorm Expansion Phase Examples......Page 33
2.2. Magnetic Storms Without Substorm Expansion Phases......Page 34
2.3. Polar Wobble Effects......Page 38
3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 39
4. FINAL COMMENTS......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 42
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 45
3.2. Event 7 November, 1999......Page 46
4.1. Comparison of Substorms......Page 48
4.2. Substorm Instability......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 52
2.1. Pseudobreakup: 26 July 1997......Page 56
2.2. Substorm: 30 September 1997......Page 58
3. DISCUSSION......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 60
2. MAGNETIC FLUX TRANSFER......Page 62
3. PLASMA SHEET HEATING......Page 63
4. RING CURRENT INJECTION......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 66
3.1. Overview......Page 68
3.3. Storm Versus Non-Storm Substorms......Page 70
4.1. Storm Transport......Page 73
4.2. Substorm Transport......Page 74
4.3. Interpretation......Page 75
5. DISCUSSION......Page 76
6. SUMMARY......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 79
What is the Effect of Substorms on the Ring Current Ion Population During a Geomagnetic Storm?......Page 81
2. THE DATA SET......Page 82
3. ANALYSIS OF DISPERSIONLESS SUBSTORM INJECTIONS......Page 83
3.1 Superposed Epoch Dst Study......Page 85
3.2 Superposed Epoch Analysis of Ion Species Abundances......Page 86
4. RING CURRENT COMPOSITION......Page 88
4.1 Reordered plots......Page 91
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 94
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 96
2. THE OCTOBER 4-6, 2000 STORM......Page 97
3.2 Magnetic Field Stretching and Dipolarization......Page 98
3.5 ENA Images of the Injection......Page 101
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 106
Storm-Substorm Relationships During the 4 October, 2000Storm. IMAGE Global ENA Imaging Results......Page 107
2. INVERSION TECHNIQUE......Page 108
4. GLOBAL STORM OBSERVATIONS......Page 109
4.2. Late Main Phase......Page 111
5. DISCUSSION......Page 117
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 123
2. ANTECEDENTS OF THE STORM-SUBSTORM DISPUTE......Page 124
3. HOT ISSUES IN THE STORM-SUBSTORM DISPUTE......Page 125
4. SUBSTORMS AND STORM-TIME PARTICLE ACCELERATION......Page 127
5. DISCUSSION......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 131
INTRODUCTION......Page 134
HELICON MODES DRIVEN BY OXYGEN IONS IN THE NEAR-EARTH PLASMA SHEET REGION......Page 135
Low-Frequency Quasi-Electrostatic Instabilities......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 142
INTRODUCTION......Page 145
METHODOLOGY......Page 147
DATA ANALYSIS......Page 150
MODEL SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 153
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 158
2. DATA......Page 160
CWT Coefficients......Page 161
Separation of High and Low Frequencies......Page 162
5. CONCLUSION......Page 165
APPENDIX......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 169
2.1. The Solar Wind Energy Source......Page 170
2.2. Ring Current......Page 171
2.5. Other Energy Sinks......Page 172
3. TOTAL ENERGY BUDGET FOR 7 SUBSTORMS......Page 173
4.1. Data Set and Method Description......Page 175
4.3. Input-Joule Heating Analysis......Page 176
5.1. Total Energy Budget for 7 Substorms......Page 177
5.2. Statistical Results for Isolated and Stormtime Substorms......Page 179
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 182
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 185
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EQUATORIALIONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE SYSTEM EITS......Page 187
3.1 Thermospheric Structure and Dynamics......Page 189
3.2 Storm-time Electric Fields......Page 191
3.3 Empirical Models of Electric Field Disturbances......Page 193
3.4 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly EIA......Page 194
3.5 Equatorial Spread ESF......Page 196
4. OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND DIRECTIONSFOR FURTHER WORK......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 199
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 204
2. BASIC EQUATIONS......Page 205
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 206
REFERENCES......Page 213
INTRODUCTION......Page 215
2. GLOBAL VARIATIONS OF RADIATION BELT ELECTRONS......Page 216
3. RECURRENT STORMS ANDHIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS......Page 217
5. ACCELERATION MECHANISMS:ROLE OF SUBSTORMS, RADIAL DIFFUSION,AND WAVE HEATING......Page 221
6. STORM-SUBSTORM RELATION......Page 224
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 225
REFERENCES......Page 227
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 229
2. GLOBAL FEATURES OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE DURING SUBSTORMS: DYNAMICAL MODEL......Page 231
3. MULTI-SCALE DYNAMICS: MODELING BASEDON STATISTICAL PHYSICS......Page 232
5. MODELING STORM-TIME DYNAMICS......Page 234
7. CONCLUSION......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 238
2. ASYMMETRIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAINPHASE OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 240
3. STORM - SUBSTORM  RELATIONSHIP......Page 243
4.1. Determination of the AF index......Page 245
5. SUBSTORM ONSET......Page 246
6. RECOVERY PHASE OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS......Page 248
7. DIRECTLY DRIVEN AND UNLOADING COMPONENTS IN SUBSTORM ACTIVITIES......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 250
INTRODUCTION......Page 252
STRATEGIES FOR GEOSPACE MISSIONS......Page 253
NEW TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES......Page 257
SPECIFIC FUTURE MISSIONS......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 264