Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface
......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 8
INTRODUCTION......Page 10
SIMPLE MODEL......Page 11
SLIP-WEAKENIN MODEL......Page 12
THEORETICAL MODEL VS. REAL FAULTS......Page 13
FRICTIONAL ENERGY......Page 14
ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND RADIATION EFFICIENCY......Page 15
FAULT-ZONE STRUCTURE AND SEISMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS......Page 16
CONCLUSION......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 19
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 21
2. BASIC FORMULATION......Page 22
3. DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES USED TO ESTIMATE RADIATED ENERGY......Page 23
4. OTHER MACROSCOPIC MEASUREMENTS......Page 27
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 31
2. MOMENT AND ENERGY......Page 32
3. SIMPLE EARTHQUAKE MODELS......Page 33
4. ENERGY AND MOMENT OBSERVATIONS......Page 38
5. DISCUSSION......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
INTRODUCTION......Page 48
DATA......Page 49
ME: THE ENERGY MAGNITUDE......Page 50
tA VS. DEPTH PLOTS AND TECTONIC SETTING......Page 51
DISCUSSION......Page 56
REFERENCES......Page 61
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 63
2. ENERGY ESTIMATE FROM THE FINITE RUPTURE MODEL......Page 64
3. FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ESTIMATES......Page 65
4. COMPARISON WITH THE 2001 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE MW =7.6 AND REMOVAL OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PP, PPP AND OTHER SCATTERED ENERGIES......Page 66
6. ENERGY-MOMENT RATIO AND THE RADIATION EFFICIENCY......Page 68
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 73
2. DATA PROCESSING......Page 74
3. THE COMBINED EMPIRICAL GREEN FUNCTION......Page 75
5. DISCUSSION......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
ESTIMATION OF SOURCE PARAMETERS......Page 80
3D FINITE-DIFFERENCE MODELING......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 84
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 85
2. SAFOD PILOT HOLE SEISMIC ARRAY......Page 86
4. METHOD......Page 87
5. STATIC STRESS DROP......Page 89
6. APPARENT STRESS......Page 91
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 92
REFERENCES......Page 93
INTRODUCTION......Page 95
DATA......Page 96
METHODS AND RESULTS......Page 97
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 101
1. INTrODUCTION......Page 102
2. ThE EARTHQUAKE ENERGY BUDGET......Page 103
2.1 The Simplified Representation of Source Energy......Page 104
2.2 Model-independent Representation of Source Energy......Page 105
3.1 Lab Measurements Necessary for Constitutive Relations of Dynamic Fault Strength......Page 108
4.2 Strength Loss......Page 109
4.3 Slip Weakening Distance and Fracture Energy......Page 110
4.4 Strength Recovery and Overshoot......Page 112
5. IMPLICATIONS OF STICk-SLIP ExPErIMENTSFOr ThE SOUrCE TIME FUNCTION......Page 113
6.1 Unexpected Weakening at Sub-Seismic Slip Rates......Page 115
6.2 Flash Weakening......Page 117
6.3 Bulk Melting......Page 118
CONCLUSIONS......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 123
2. MElT lUBRICATION......Page 125
3. DISCUSSION......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 135
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 137
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS......Page 138
4. DISCUSSION......Page 139
5. CONCLUSION......Page 143
REFERENCES......Page 144
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 145
2. SUMMARY OF RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 146
3. DEFORMATION MECHANISMS......Page 147
4. A CUMULATIVE DAMAGE MODEL......Page 148
5. DISCUSSION......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 154
2. FRICTIONAL STRENGTH OF FAULTS......Page 155
3. ANTICIPATED MELT THICKNESS FROM ADIABATIC MELTING......Page 156
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF FAULT-GENERATED PSEUDOTACHYLYTE......Page 157
5. SCARCITY OF PSEUDOTACHYLYTE......Page 161
6. ENERGY COMPARISONS......Page 163
7. FACTORS INHIBITING MELTING......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
INTRODUCTION......Page 168
GEOLOGIC SETTING......Page 169
PSEUDOTACHYLYTE IN OUTCROP......Page 170
MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 171
BRITTLE ZONE STRUCTURE......Page 174
COSEISMIC DISPLACEMENTS......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 179
INTRODUCTION......Page 181
FAULT COMPOSITION......Page 183
ENERGY BUDGETS......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 190
INTRODUCTION......Page 192
REACTIVATED NORMAL FAULTS IN IGNIMBRITES......Page 193
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN GRANITES FROMSEISMOGENIC DEPTHS......Page 194
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
INTRODUCTION......Page 198
DATA......Page 199
DISCUSSION......Page 202
REFERENCES......Page 203
3. MECHANICAL MODELS......Page 205
4. DISCUSSION......Page 210
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 212
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 214
2. OBSERVATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONE......Page 215
3. DERIVATION OF PRINCIPAL SLIP ZONETHICKNESS......Page 216
4. WHAT STRUCTURAL PROCESSES EXIST TOPROVIDE DISSIPATIVE ENERGY SINKS?......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 220
2. RADIATION  FROM KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELS: DISLOCATIONS AND CRACkS......Page 221
2.1. Rupture Dynamics of a Flat Fault and its SeismicRadiation......Page 222
2.2. Energy Balance During Crack Propagation......Page 223
3. RUPTURE FRONT DYNAMICS  FOR AN ANTIPlANE FAULT WITH A KING......Page 224
3.2. Energy Balance at the Kink......Page 225
4. NUMERICAL MODELlNG OF FAULT KINKS......Page 226
4.1. Results of Numerical Modeling for a Single Kink......Page 227
5. A FAULT MODEL WIH A GEOMETRICALLY COMPLEX FAULT......Page 229
6. DISCUSSION  AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 232
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 234
2. FAULT ZONE MODELS......Page 235
3. THE MECHANICAL WORK ON THE FAULT PLANE......Page 237
4. THE ENERGY FLUX ON THE FAULT PLANE......Page 238
5. THE MACROSCOPIC FRICTIONAL WORK......Page 240
6. LABORATORY ESTIMATES OF FRACTUREENERGY......Page 241
7. SEISMOLOGICAL ESTIMATES OF BREAKDOWNWORK......Page 242
8. THE PARTITION BETWEEN SURFACE ENERGYAND HEAT......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 250
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 252
2. MODEL ASSUMPTIONS......Page 253
3. RUPTURE PROPERTIES IN STOCHASTIC STRESS DROP FIELDS......Page 254
4. DISCUSSION......Page 256
5. CONCLUSION......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 258
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 259
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION......Page 260
3. MODEL RESULTS......Page 261
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 267
2. MODEL......Page 268
3. RESULTS......Page 270
4. CONCLUSIONS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 278
2. DYNAMIC RUPTURE MODELING AND SOURCEPARAMETER EXTRACTION......Page 279
3. STRESS DROP SCALING......Page 280
4. FRACTURE ENERGY SCALING......Page 281
5. DISCUSSION......Page 285
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
2. THE MODEL......Page 289
3. ANALYSIS......Page 290
DISCUSSION......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
2. BACKGROUND......Page 294
3. MECHANISMS FOR A WEAK FAULT......Page 295
4. ARE STRESS MEASUREMENTS CONSISTENT WITH THE WEAK SAF HYPOTHESIS?......Page 298
5. THE HEAT FLOW DATA REVISITED......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 303
1. INTRODUCTION: TECTONIC STRESS AND EARTHQUAKE FAULTING......Page 305
2. OBSERVATIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE TECTONIC STRESS TENSOR......Page 306
3. THE TECTONIC STRESS FIELD NEAR PLATE-BOUNDING FAULTS......Page 310
4. TEMPORAL CHANGES: STRESS DROPS, STRESS ROTATIONS, AND STRESS HETEROGENEITY......Page 314
5. SUMMARY......Page 315
APPENDIX A: FOCAL MECHANISM CONSTRAINTS ON THE PRINCIPAL STRESS DIRECTIONS......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317