Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories

Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 1
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES......Page 2
Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 8
FOREWORD......Page 10
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
THE IONOSPHERE......Page 12
Phae and Group Delay......Page 13
Calibrating the Ionosphere......Page 14
Calibrating the Wet Delay......Page 16
Atmospheric Error and Vertical Position......Page 17
Drag, Lift, and Atmospheric Density......Page 21
Drag Avoidance and Drag Correction......Page 22
GPS-Based Kinematic Tracking......Page 23
Covariance Analysis for Precise Tracking......Page 24
REFERENCES......Page 25
INTRODUCTION......Page 27
BASIC CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES......Page 29
DC Models......Page 35
Low Frequency Models......Page 41
High Frequency Models and Scintillation......Page 43
SUMMARY......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
INTRODUCTION......Page 48
GRADIENT DATA SAMPLES......Page 50
DISCUSSION:A VAILABILITY OF GRADLENT INFORMATION......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
THEORY......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 59
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 60
4. MODELS......Page 61
4.1 UT-LATITUDE COORDINATES......Page 62
4.2 OFFSET ESTIMATION......Page 63
5. MODEL EVALUATION......Page 64
6. DISCUSSION......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 67
STRATEGIES FOR IONOSPHERIC CORRECTIONS......Page 68
DORIS ionospheric measurements......Page 74
Inversion method......Page 75
Results......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
2. THE REFRACTIVE INDEX AS A DESCRIPTIVE PARAMETER FOR THE PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES......Page 79
4.1. Ionized part  of the atmosphere......Page 80
5.2. Above 5 GHz and below 1000 GHz......Page 81
6.2. Water vapor......Page 83
6.3. Water in the atmosphere......Page 84
7.1. General aspects......Page 85
7.3. Concltisions......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
The Drag Equation......Page 89
The Drag Coefficient......Page 90
b No Accommodation:......Page 91
Theoretical Development......Page 92
Mean Thermospheric Density and Forcing Mechanisms......Page 93
Density Perturbations......Page 101
4. ATMOSPHERIC WIND VARIATIONS......Page 105
5. ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY AND WIND                  SPECIFICATION    MODELS......Page 108
VSH wind and density predictions......Page 112
6. CONCLUSIONS......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
ATMOSPHERIC DRAG......Page 116
Density Model Comparison......Page 117
Solar Radiation Pressure......Page 120
Terrestrial Radiation Pressure......Page 121
SURFACE FORCE  MODELING FOR TOPEX/POSEIDON......Page 122
Thermal Drag......Page 124
CONCLUSIONS......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
DATA SELECTION......Page 130
ATMOSPHERIC DRAG MODELING......Page 131
RESULTS......Page 132
CONCLUSION......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
NEUTRAL DRAG......Page 135
ELECTRIC DRAG.......Page 136
The seasonal effect on LAGEOS and ETALON......Page 139
Drag due to the infrared terrestrial heating......Page 140
REFERNCES......Page 141
Role of Air Drag on the Characteristics of the Mission......Page 142
Influence of Air Drug on the Grndiometer Measurements......Page 143
Fluctuations of Air Density due to Gravity Waves......Page 145
Mean Level and Fluctuutions of Winds......Page 149
CONCLUSION......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 153
INTRODUCTION......Page 154
BASIC EQUATIONS OF MODEL......Page 155
MODEL RESULTS  AND COMPARISON WITH THE EMPIRICAL MODEL......Page 156
MONITORING AND FORECAST......Page 158
REFERENCES......Page 159
INTRODUCTION......Page 160
EFFECTS OF STORMS......Page 161
SOLAR AND INTERPLANETARY PHENOMENA......Page 162
MODELS AND FORECASTS......Page 165
DETERMINISTIC MODELS/FORECASTS......Page 169
DATA REQUIREMENTS......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 173