The German Language: A Linguistic Introduction

Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Abbreviations......Page 13
1.1 What is the German Language?......Page 15
1.2 A Linguistic Description......Page 17
1.3 The Grammar and Grammatical Knowledge......Page 19
1.4 Other Linguistic Knowledge......Page 25
1.5 Further Reading......Page 28
2.1 The Concept of Syntax......Page 30
2.2 Phrase Structures of German......Page 36
2.3 Case in German......Page 42
2.4 The Position of the German Verb......Page 46
2.5 Syntactic Processes......Page 54
2.6 Further Reading......Page 59
Exercises......Page 60
3.1 Morphemes and Morphology......Page 62
3.2 Morphology and Word-Formation......Page 66
3.2.1 Inflection......Page 67
3.2.2 Derivation......Page 69
3.2.3 Compounding......Page 76
3.2.4 Conversion......Page 83
3.2.5 Other Morphological Processes......Page 86
3.3 The Relationship between Morphology and Phonology......Page 92
3.4 Productivity......Page 94
3.5 Borrowings from Other Languages......Page 96
3.6 The Relationship between Morphology and Syntax......Page 99
3.7 Further Reading......Page 102
Exercises......Page 103
4.1 Introduction......Page 104
4.2 Air-stream Type......Page 105
4.3 State of the Glottis......Page 106
4.5 Oral Articulators......Page 107
4.6 Manner......Page 108
4.7 Lip Position......Page 110
4.8 Vocoid Articulations......Page 111
4.9 Place of Articulation......Page 114
4.10 Resonance......Page 116
4.11 Voice Onset Time......Page 117
4.12 The Transcription of German and English......Page 118
Exercises......Page 120
5.1 Preliminaries......Page 121
5.2 Syllable Structure......Page 124
5.3 The Obstruents......Page 131
5.4 Affricates......Page 137
5.5 Nasals......Page 138
5.6 Other Consonants......Page 139
5.7 Vowels......Page 141
5.8 Connected Speech......Page 147
5.8.1 Assimilation......Page 148
5.8.2 Lenition......Page 150
5.8.3 Shortening......Page 151
5.8.4 Deletion......Page 152
Exercises......Page 154
6.1 The Lexicon and the Nature of Lexical Entries......Page 155
6.2 Thematic Structure......Page 157
6.3 Categories of Lexical Items......Page 159
6.4 The Meaning of Lexical Items......Page 161
6.5 The Nature of Lexical Items......Page 164
6.6 Relations among Lexical Items......Page 168
6.7 Sense Relations......Page 170
6.8 Further Reading......Page 176
Exercises......Page 177
7.1 Stylistics and the Style of Texts......Page 178
7.2 Style and Deviation......Page 179
7.3 Stylistic Principles......Page 184
7.4 Metaphor......Page 186
7.5 Repetition......Page 189
7.6 Iconicity......Page 191
7.7 Compression......Page 194
7.8 Ambiguity......Page 196
7.9 Cohesion......Page 200
7.10 Style and Choice......Page 202
7.11 Further Reading......Page 205
Exercises......Page 206
8.1 Preliminaries......Page 207
8.2 Phonology......Page 209
8.3 Umlaut......Page 213
8.4 Morphology......Page 214
8.5 Syntactic Changes......Page 218
8.6 Lexical and Semantic Changes......Page 220
8.7 External Influences......Page 224
8.8 Further Reading......Page 227
Exercises......Page 228
9.1 Preliminaries......Page 229
9.2 Variation by Use......Page 232
9.3 Variation by User......Page 239
9.3.1 Regional Accents......Page 240
9.3.2 Morphological and Syntactic Variation......Page 245
9.3.3 Lexical Variation......Page 248
Exercises......Page 250
References......Page 251
Index......Page 263