Handbook of pediatric obesity : etiology, pathophysiology, and prevention

Handbook of PEDIATRIC OBESITY: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
About the Editors......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 9
Contents......Page 12
INTRODUCTION: THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM......Page 14
DEFINITIONS OF OVERWEIGHT......Page 15
CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE......Page 16
ASTHMA......Page 17
Eating Disorders......Page 18
Quality of Life......Page 19
Heart Disease......Page 20
Hypertension......Page 21
Weight in Late Adolescence as a Risk Factor for Diabetes......Page 22
Breast Cancer......Page 23
POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME......Page 24
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 26
GROWTH MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT......Page 32
PATTERNS OF GROWTH......Page 33
PUBERTY AND SEXUAL MATURATION......Page 34
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR DESCRIBING PATTERNS OF GROWTH......Page 40
SIZE AT BIRTH AND INFANCY......Page 42
RATES OF SEXUAL MATURATION......Page 43
REFERENCES......Page 44
INTRODUCTION......Page 47
HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF PEDIATRIC OBESITY......Page 49
FATNESS/ADIPOSITY......Page 51
FAT-FREE MASS......Page 52
FAT/ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION......Page 53
ETIOLOGY OF ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN BODY COMPOSITION......Page 56
IMPLICATIONS OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN BODY COMPOSITION ON OBESITY......Page 57
CONCLUSION......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
INTRODUCTION......Page 64
THE NUTRITION TRANSITION......Page 65
THE BURDEN OF OBESITY HAS SHIFTED TO THE POOR!......Page 66
Comparative Trends Research......Page 68
THE TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD IN U.S. YOUTH......Page 70
Shifts in Age-Specific Time Trends......Page 71
DIETARY CHANGES ACROSS THE GLOBE......Page 72
IS SNACKING BEHAVIOR CHANGING?......Page 73
CONCLUSIONS......Page 74
References......Page 75
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
DETERMINANTS OF CRITICAL PERIODS......Page 79
INTRAUTERINE FACTORS......Page 81
PRESCHOOL–SCHOOL AGE......Page 82
Medications......Page 83
ADOLESCENCE......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 86
CONTENTS......Page 90
INTRAUTERINE CRITICAL PERIOD FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY......Page 91
POSTNATAL CRITICAL PERIODS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBESITY......Page 92
TWINS, SIBLINGS, NUCLEAR FAMILIES, EXTENDED PEDIGREE STUDIES......Page 93
ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY......Page 94
PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN \0倀伀䴀䌀......Page 95
SYNDROMIC OBESITY......Page 96
ANGELMAN SYNDROME WITH OBESITY......Page 97
BARDET–BIEDL SYNDROME......Page 98
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS......Page 99
GENOME-WIDE SCANS OF OBESITY IN CHILDREN......Page 100
ADIPONECTIN \0䄀倀䴀㄀......Page 101
RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 102
References......Page 103
INTRODUCTION......Page 108
Body Mass Index \0䈀䴀䤀......Page 109
Circumferences......Page 110
AIR-DISPLACEMENT PLETHYSMOGRAPHY......Page 111
DILUTION METHODS......Page 112
Bioimpedance Analysis......Page 113
IMAGING METHODS......Page 114
CONCLUSION......Page 115
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE......Page 117
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 118
QUESTIONNAIRES......Page 119
MOVEMENT-BASED TECHNIQUES......Page 120
HEART RATE MONITORS......Page 121
CONCLUSION......Page 122
REFERENCES......Page 123
INTRODUCTION......Page 129
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS......Page 130
ENERGY EXPENDITURE......Page 131
INFANCY......Page 132
CHILDHOOD......Page 133
CEREBRAL PALSY......Page 135
SPINA BIFIDA......Page 137
PRADER–WILLI SYNDROME......Page 138
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 139
SUMMARY......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
INTRODUCTION......Page 145
HYPOTHYROIDISM......Page 146
GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY......Page 147
CUSHING’S SYNDROME......Page 148
INSULINOMA......Page 149
HYPOTHALAMIC OBESITY......Page 150
Leptin Deficiency and Leptin Receptor Mutations......Page 152
Proopiomelanocortin \0倀伀䴀䌀 Deficiency......Page 153
Mutation of the TrkB \0䈀䐀一䘀 Receptor......Page 154
BARDET–BIEDL SYNDROMES \0䈀䈀匀......Page 155
PRADER–WILLI SYNDROME......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN YOUTHS......Page 166
NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 167
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: PREVENTION......Page 168
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: TREATMENT......Page 169
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS......Page 173
DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 174
SUMMARY......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 177
OVERVIEW......Page 184
MECHANISM OF PUBERTAL INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 185
TIMING......Page 186
PREVALENCE OF IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE PREDIABETES AMONG OBESE YOUTH......Page 188
BODY COMPOSITION AND ABDOMINAL FAT DISTRIBUTION......Page 189
SKELETAL MUSCLE TRIGLYCERIDE AND INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 192
Adiponectin......Page 193
Insulin Sensitivity......Page 194
Insulin Secretion......Page 195
Insulin Clearance......Page 196
Summary......Page 197
MEXICAN AMERICANS OR HISPANICS......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 199
INTRODUCTION......Page 206
PREVALENCE OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 207
ROLE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE......Page 208
ROLE OF INFLAMMATION AND ADIPOCYTOKINES......Page 209
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE......Page 210
STRATEGIES FOR SCREENING AND TREATMENT OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 211
CONCLUSIONS......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
INTRODUCTION......Page 217
MODIFYING EATING BEHAVIOR FOR OVERWEIGHT PREVENTION: CAN SMALL CHANGES HELP ACHIEVE ENERGY BALANCE?......Page 218
PORTION SIZES......Page 219
FREQUENCY OF FOOD EXPOSURE......Page 220
ROLE MODELING......Page 221
SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGE INTAKE......Page 222
ENERGY DENSITY......Page 223
PARENTAL FEEDING STYLES......Page 224
SNACKING PATTERNS......Page 225
EATING IN THE ABSENCE OF HUNGER......Page 226
ENERGY COMPENSATION ABILITY  ᰀ䌀䄀䰀伀刀䤀䌀 䌀伀䴀倀䔀一匀䄀吀䤀伀丠ᴀ......Page 227
MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 228
24-HOUR DIETARY RECALLS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
OVERVIEW AND INTRODUCTION......Page 234
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHILDREN’S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 235
PROMOTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS......Page 236
THE IMPERATIVE OF THEORY......Page 239
IDENTIFYING “GOOD” THEORIES......Page 240
THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL AND PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 241
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY AND PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 243
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION AND THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR, AND THEIR RELATION TO PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 245
SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY AND PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 247
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND CHILDREN’S PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 250
CONCLUSION......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 252
INTRODUCTION......Page 258
MEASURING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT......Page 259
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 260
WALKING TO SCHOOL......Page 261
RECREATIONAL SPACES......Page 262
COMMUNITY DESIGN......Page 265
NEIGHBORHOOD......Page 266
ZONING......Page 267
FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 270
OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER......Page 278
INFLUENCE OF COMMUNITY AS EXAMINED WITH AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH......Page 279
LITERATURE REVIEW: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTIONS......Page 281
LITERATURE REVIEW: DIETARY INTERVENTIONS......Page 288
NONRESEARCH COMMUNITY APPROACHES TO PROMOTING HEALTHY EATING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY......Page 291
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 293
References......Page 295
INTRODUCTION......Page 298
PATHWAYS: SCHOOL-BASED INTERVENTION FOR AMERICAN INDIAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN......Page 299
HIP HOP TO HEALTH, JR.: PRESCHOOL INTERVENTION FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILDREN IN HEAD START......Page 300
TELEVISION REDUCTION INTERVENTION: CLASSROOM CURRICULA FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN......Page 301
SUMMARY......Page 302
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT TRIAL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: CATCH......Page 303
FIVE A DAY FOR BETTER HEALTH: SCHOOL-BASED MULTICOMPONENT INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION AMONG CHILDREN......Page 304
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTIONS: FOOD PRICING, AVAILABILITY, AND PROMOTION......Page 305
FOOD AVAILABILITY......Page 306
FOOD PROMOTION......Page 307
MSPAN: MIDDLE SCHOOL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND NUTRITION STUDY......Page 308
SUMMARY......Page 309
FEDERAL POLICY INITIATIVES......Page 310
SCHOOL DISTRICT POLICY INITIATIVES......Page 311
SCHOOL LINKS WITH COMMUNITY RESOURCES......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 313
INTRODUCTION......Page 317
BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION......Page 318
PORTION SIZES......Page 319
SCOPE OF AVAILABLE DIETARY APPROACHES......Page 320
EFFICACY OF AVAILABLE DIETS......Page 322
CLASSIFICATION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE......Page 323
Hunger and Energy Intake......Page 326
LONG-TERM EFFICACY AND FEASIBILITY......Page 327
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRESCRIBING LOW GLYCEMIC LOAD DIETS......Page 328
CONCLUSIONS......Page 329
REFERENCES......Page 333
PREVALENCE OF BREASTFEEDING INITIATION, EXCLUSIVITY, AND DURATION IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 339
STUDIES OF PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN......Page 340
STUDIES OF CHILDREN AGES 6 TO 15......Page 341
STUDIES OF OLDER ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS......Page 348
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDIES......Page 349
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS......Page 352
REFERENCES......Page 354